That year the US slipped into a recession and inflation was rampant, but it had no effect on our family because my father held onto his job as a section foreman with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
Under executive orders from President Eisenhower, troops from the 101st Airborne Division were deployed to ensure that black children (the Little Rock Nine) were allowed to attend classes at the previously segregated Little Rock (Arkansas) Central High School.
In a war that was to affect me many years later, US Army Special Forces Captain Harry Cramer became America's first combat death in Vietnam. Between 1955 and 1975, there were 211,454 US casualties in Vietnam. All of then were in vain because on March 29, 1973, the last US military unit fled Vietnam in what was a complete debacle.
Leroy Burner, the US Surgeon General, issued a report on the evils of smoking that linked cigarettes and lung cancer. It was the year the words Asian flu, clip art, computerize, disco, doggie bag, fanny pack, happy camper, kooky, launchpad, loungewear, mainframe, opioid, RAM, refried beans, sin tax, Sputnik, and townhome all appeared in print for the first time.
Trolley service in both New York City and Kansas City ended. The Soviet Union inaugurated the Space Age by launching Sputnik I, the world's first artificial satellite.
In the year 1957, bubble wrap, Purina dog chow, Dream Whip, Formula 409 cleaner, Sweet’n Low, Tang (an orange drink mix), styrofoam coolers and Burger King’s Whopper all appeared on the market for the first time.
In the chess world on April 27, 1957, Vasily Smyslov defeated Mikhail Botvinnik to become the world champion.
Correspondence GrandmasterHarald Malmgren (1904-1957) died in Uppsula, Sweden at the age of 52. Analyst Hans Haberditz (1901-1957) died in Vienna at the age of 56. Max Pavey (1918-1957) died of leukemia in New York at the age of 39.
At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology a chess program fo an IBM computer eass writtem It could execute 42,000 instructions per second. It did a 4-ply (2 moves) search in 8 minutes.
Nobel Prize winner in economics and leader in AI and cognitive psychologist Herbert Simon said that within 10 years a computer would be the world champion. It took 40 years (1997) before a computer (Deep Blue) could defeat a world champion (Kasparov).
Samuel Reshevsky played Donald Byrne in a match in New York. The match struck a snag in the first game. Reshevsky, who had failed to notice that Byrne’s flag had fallen, offered a draw which Byrne accepted and the result stood.
In the second game Byrne’s flag fell again and guess what? Reshevsky did not notice it. Then Reshevsky's flag fell, but Byrne failed to notice it!
Reshvsky’s wife was sitting in the audience claimed the win for her husband! Byrne pointed out that only the player on the move could claim a time forfeit. Since it was now Byrne’s move, he claimed the win on time even though his flag was also down.
An appeals committee was organized to settle the dispute, but Byrne objected. The committee declared that the game was drawn and Byrne then walked out. He later returned and lost decisively by a score of 7-3.
Bobby Fischer played two games against former world champion Max Euwe at the Manhattan Chess Club in New York, drawing one and losing one. Euwe was paid $65 (a little over $600 today) and Fischer was paid $35 (not quite $400 today).
The 14-year old Fischer tied for 1st-2nd (scoring 10-12) with Arthur Bisguier at the 58th US Open in Cleveland, Ohio. He won on tie-break, making him the youngest US Open Champion ever.
The World Junior championship was held in Toronto and William Lombardy took 1st place with a perfect score. Finally, the first women's chess Olympiad was held in Emmen, Netherlands. It was no surprise that the USSR took first place.
Ludek Pacjman won the Czech Championship and the theme of the following game for both sides is the advance of the f-Pawn.
After the partial blockade of the Q-side it was clear that the K-side was going to be the main theater of battle. Both sides were striving for the advance of their f-Pawn, a tactical motif often seen in the K-Indian.
Ludek Pachman–Jiri Kopriva1–0E94Czech Championship, Prague1957Stockfish 16
E94: King's Indian Defense 1.d4 f6 2.c4 g6 3.c3 g7 4.e4 d6 5.e2 0-0 6.f3 e5 7.0-0 c6 8.e1 Black's main choices are now 8...Na6 and 8...Nbd7 e7 9.f1 An odd looking move, but white anticipates the possibility of
playing d4-d5 and ...cxd5 after which he will recapture cxd5 and black can
then play ...Nc5 attacking the e-Pawn. So, white chooses to overprotect his
e-Pawn now. g4 10.d5 c5 Not the best. Closing the center allows white to
exploit the position of black's B on g4. 10...Nbd7 was good. 11.h3 d7 12.a3 12.g3 e8 13.a3 a6 14.a2 h8 15.b3 f5 16.g2 ac7 17.a4 is equal.
Nikolaidis,K (2354)-Banikas,H (2531) Patras 2001 12...a5 13.d2 a6 14.b1 b6 15.g3 After the partial blockade of the Q-side it's clear that the K-side
will become the main theater of battle. Here both sides must strive to advance
their f-Pawn. However, for black it is very difficult to force its advance. h6 Part of black's plan to play ..f5 16.h4 h7 17.h2 g8 Black has cleared
to way for his f-Pawn, but as will be seen, he cannot yet play it. For his
part, Pachman thought for him 18.f4 would be premature. 18.d3 18.f4 exf4 19.xf4 e5 20.f3 f6 White is better, but black's position is quite solid. 18...f6 With this move black makes it considerably easier for white to
carry out the advance f4. Black's best try was to hunker down and play the N
maneuver ...Nc7-e8-f3 and hope to defend. 18...f5 is tactically faulty. 19.xg6 xg6 20.exf5+ xf5 21.g4+ h7 22.xf5+ h8 23.g6 and white is
winning. 19.f4 d8 Played in order to avoid losing the
exchange after 21.Ng6 20.f5 g5 21.g6 f7 Black is counting on being able
to capture the N after ...Be8 and then moving the R, but in the meantime white
opens up the h-file and gets a strong attack. 22.h4 e8 23.h1 b7 24.g2 24.h5 is playable, but it's not quite as effective. It also results in some
complicated play where it might be easy to go wrongs. e7 25.hxg5 xg6 26.g1 f4 27.g6+ xg6 28.fxg6+ xg6 29.h4 e7 30.xh6 g8 Technically
white is winning, but there is no forced win. 24...xg6 25.fxg6+ xg6 26.hxg5 fxg5 27.e2 A surprising move that blocks the Q's path to h5.
The idea is that after the continuation in the game white's B comes into play
and the position of the black K will become untenable in spite of the extra
Pawn. 27.h5+ Pachman thought this was not playable, but it actually is
slightly better that his 27.Be2...and a bit more complicated. h7 28.e2
This has to be played anyway. f6 29.bf1 e8 30.h3 g6 31.h5 g7
White should win this, but he is going to have to bring the N into play with
Nd1-e3 etc. and figure out a way to break through. 27...h7 28.g4 c7
Now the other N rushes to the defense of the K, but thanks to the excellent
coordination of all his pieces white has no difficulty in building up his
attack on the open h-file. 29.f5+ Vindicating his 27th move. h8 30.h5 e8 31.h2 31.xg5 ef6 32.h4 e7 33.bf1 f8 Black has successfully
defended his K and now white has to switch gears and find another way to win. 31...f6 32.g6 g7 33.xh6+ xh6 34.xh6+ g8 35.e6+ Just a reminder...
white's 27th move was a good one! f8 36.f1 The pin decides matters
immediately. aa7 36...e7 This attempt to flee runs into 37.xf6 d7 38.xg5 d8 39.xd7 xd7 40.f8 d8 41.xe8 xe8 42.xg7+ e7 43.xe7+ c8 44.a7 a4 45.xb6 d7 46.d8# 37.xg5 af7 38.b5 It would have been
pointless to take the exchange because now black does not have a single
reasonable move at his disposal. 38.xf7 xf7 39.xf6 xf6 40.b5
This has to be played anyway. g6 41.h7+ g7 42.f5 g6 43.e6+ g7 44.xd6 c7 44...d7 45.xd7+ xd7 46.f7+ 45.xf6 xf6 46.e8+ 38...e7 39.xf6 Black resigned. Nearly flawless play by Pachman. 39.xf6 xf6 40.xf6+ xf6 41.xg7+ e8 42.c7+ 1–0
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