That was almost 100 years ago. What was life like then? Life expectancy of males in the US was just 55.6 years, whereas that of females was 58.3 years.
Besides being the year Mickey Mouse was introduced, the first movie that was completely sound-filled was Lights of New York. It was a blockbuster, earning a revenue of over $1 million...$17 million today.
Thomas Midgley and Charles Kettering invented Freon, a non-flammable, odorless gas or liquid that was once considered to miraculous. Widely used as a refrigerant, today it is a cause of great concern because they say it is responsible for the ozone layer's depletion.
Where I live, if your refrigerator quits working you can't just set it out for trash pickup...it has to be tagged by a licensed technician certifying that the Freon has been removed and it could cost you $100 or more.
On July 6, 1928, the world's first machine for slicing bread was invented and patented by Richard Rohwedder. Today's perfectly sliced pieces of bread are a product of this fine invention.
Oscar Chajes (1873-1928) died in New York City at the age of 54. John G. White (1845-1928) died in Jackson Lake, Wyoming at the age of 83. He was founder of the world's largest chess library. Dr. Berthold Lasker (1860-1928), Emanuel's brother, passed away in 1928.
Today we'll be taking a look at the Q-side P-majority. Generally speaking the Q-side P-majority is of the greatest and most lasting value in positions in which the Kings have NOT been centralized and materially is sufficiently reduced that there is no danger of an attack on the King taking place.
These positions are usually seen in the phase when the game is in transition from the middlegame to the ending. Usually, but not always, the Qs will have been exchanged.
Going way back, Steinitz was the first to draw attention to the subject of Pawn majorities being a separate element and for years after that teachers put great stock in them.
A Q-side P-majority in particular was considered a significant advantage.
However, as theory has evolved the value of the Q-side majority has become less significant. Still, it pays to pay attention to the presence of the Q-side majority.
If it is to be put to use it has to be mobile.
In the following game we see Colle (playing black) give up a P simply for the sake of immobilizing Spielmann's P-majority even though it left Spielmann with two extra Ps in the majority. Colle then smashes his way to victory on the K-side.
Rudolf Spielmann–Edgar Colle0–1B03DortmundDortmund GER04.08.1928Stockfish 15.1
Alekhine's Defense: Four Pawns Attack 1.e4 f6 Once popular,
this has become rare in modern play although Fischer used it in two games
against Spassky in their 1972 World Championship and Korchnoi included it in
his repertoire. 2.e5 d5 3.c4 b6 4.d4 d6 5.f4 White's most
ambitious try in which he makes several tempo gaining attacks on the N and
establishes an imposing P-center in the belief that it can later be destroyed.
It often leads to sharp play because black must succeed in making a successful
strike at the center before white can use his space advantage. f5 5...g5
Is the sharp Planinc Variation, named after the Yugoslav GM Albin Planinc
(1944-2008), a brilliant player who suffered from severe depression for
decades and spent the last years of his life in a mental institution in
Ljubljana. There is practically no theory on the move. 6.fxg5 White should
play either 6.Nc3 or 6.exd6 dxe5 White should now play 7.c5 and 8.Nf3 7.dxe5 xd1+ 8.xd1 c6 9.c5 d7 10.e6 xc5 11.exf7+ xf7 12.c4+ e6
and black is better. 6.c3 e6 7.e3 dxe5 8.fxe5 c6 9.e2 e7 10.f3 0-0 11.0-0 f6 12.h4 fxe5 13.xf5 exf5 14.d5 d4 15.xd4 exd4 16.xd4 d7
Obviously threatening ...c5. White's next move prevents this and at
the same time prepares for the advance of his majority by c4-c5. Inhibits c5.
aiming for ...Bc5. 17.a4 The opening has a modern look to it! White
should play 17.h1 d6 18.d3 g6 19.ae1 e8 20.c2 The position
slightly favors black. Brandenburg,D (2522)-Miroshnichenko,E (2624) Bremen 2011
17.d2 c5+ 18.h1 h4 19.f4 xf4 20.xf4 ae8 21.d3 g6 22.b5 a6 23.b4 xb4 24.b1 d2 25.xc7 xf4 White resigned. Letzelter,J-Hort,V
Monte Carlo 1968 17...b5 A very fine strategic move. At the cost of a P,
black cripples the majority. In Modern Chess Strategy Ludek Pachman points out
that white's two extra Ps on the Q-side are very difficult to convert into a
passed P and black's B gains a beautiful post on d6 from where it aims at
white's K-side. Additionally. white's N on a4 is out of the action. 18.cxb5 d6 19.ae1 e7 19...g5 Looks more dangerous than it is. After 20.d1 f6 21.e3 h4 22.g3 h3 23.f3 white has succeeded in holding off black's
assault on his K. 20.d3 e5 21.h1 Avoiding a potential pin on the Q and
K. 21.xf5 would be a serious mistake. xf5 22.xf5 f3+ 23.xf3 xe1+ 24.f1 xh2+ 25.xh2 xf1 26.d6 d8 Black is winning the ending. Hpw so?
Here is a sample line... 27.d7 f6 28.xf6 gxf6 29.c5 f7 30.g3 h5 31.f4 e7 32.g3 g8 33.f3 g4 34.b3 g5 35.b4 g4 36.a3 d4 37.e3 g4 38.f3 c4 39.g2 c2+ 40.h3 c3 41.a4 c4 21...f4 Another good move was
21...Rf6 22.e2 So far Colle has had the initiative, but Spielmann's
defense has met the challenge, but with this move he falters. 22.c5
A nice little shot that diffuses the situation if black takes the N. f3 22...xc5 would leave white with a slight advantage. 23.xe5 23.g3 The only
safe move. 23.gxf3 22...ae8 Black has plenty of
compensation for a P and white's position is growing precarious. 23.c3 23.xa7 is unsatisfactory. For example... h4 24.f2 h6 25.g1 25.c2 g4
wins 25...xd3 26.e6 xe6 27.dxe6 xe6 White's Q-side Ps are under
attack and black has a winning position. 23.xf4 g5 24.xf8+ xf8 25.xe5 xe5 26.g1 d2 27.c5 d4 wins 23.e4 This white's best defense. g5 24.e2 h6 25.f3 g5 With a strong attack, but at leadt whiter has some
hope of defending himself because there is no clear win for black. 26.c5 g4 27.e6 gxf3 28.gxf3 f5 29.g1+ g6 30.xa7 In Shootouts from this
position white scored +0 -4 =1, but the games went on for another 50 moves or
so. In practical play the results might not be as decisive. 23...h4
...Ng4 is the strong threat. 24.e4 It's too late for 24.Qe4 to cause white
any problems. Note that this is a typical situation where opposite colored Bs
favor the attacker. 24.e4 g4 25.xh7+ xh7 26.xh7+ xh7 27.e6 xe6 28.dxe6 g6 winning. 24...g4 25.h3 25.g1 xh2 26.xh2 xh2+ 27.xh2 f3+ 28.h3 28.xd6 fxe2 29.xe8 exf1 30.xf1 xe8 31.c4 28...fxe2 29.e1 g6 30.xe2 e5 would win for black. 25...f3 Decisive. 26.xf3 xf3 27.f6+ f7 White resigned. He gets mated in 11 moves. 27...f7 28.xg4 28.xe8 f1+ 29.g1 xg1+ 30.xg1 c5+ 31.h1 g3 Mate is
unavoidable. 28...f1+ 29.g1 xg1+ 30.xg1 xe2 31.xe2 e1+ 32.f1 c5+ 33.h2 h5 34.h6+ gxh6 35.d6 xd6+ 36.g1 g3 37.b6 f2+ 38.h1 xf1# 0–1
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