Today the claim is that corporal punishment is the most widespread form of violence against children. It is defined as any punishment in which physical force is used and intended to cause some degree of pain or discomfort. It is, it is claimed, a violation of children's rights, the respect for human dignity and physical integrity. Corporal punishment is a term my father never heard of.
In Ireland, starting in July, there was a polio epidemic. Polio, once the most feared of diseases, was terrifying because people didn’t understand why children were falling ill even if they had not been in contact with any other sufferers.
In many communities certain groups of people, usually immigrants, were the scapegoats, but not always. In New York City in 1916 animals were suspected of spreading the disease and 8,000 dogs and 72,000 cats were killed. Many cities tried to quarantine themselves. Towns in Long Island and New Jersey sent out deputy sheriffs armed with shotguns to guard the roads and turn back cars containing children under the age of 16.
By the time of the Irish epidemic in 1956, knowledge about polio had increased, but it wasn’t widely shared. As a result, in August the Gaelic Athletic Association postponed the All-Ireland Hurling and Football Finals due to the outbreak.
At the end of November it was announced that gas rationing would be introduced because of the Suez Canal Crisis. In December, at the Olympic Games in Melbourne, Ronnie Delany won Ireland's first gold medal for 24 years.
On December 12th, the Irish Republican Army launched an attack in Northern Ireland with the bombing of a BBC relay transmitter, the burning of a courthouse, the burning of an Ulster Special Constabulary post and the blowing up of a half-built British Army barracks. And, a raid on a British Army barracks was repulsed after a brief exchange of fire.
Also in 1956, in mid-May, a small international chess tournament was held in Dublin. It was sponsored jointly by the Irish Chess Union and An Bord Failte.
An Tostal, meaning The Pageant, was the name for a series of festivals held in Ireland that were inaugurated in 1953 as a celebration of Irish life and it continued on until 1958 when it died out in most cities. The original purpose of the festival was a celebration of Irish culture, with an emphasis upon drawing tourists into the country during the Easter off-season. It was marked by a series of regional parades, arts and sporting events. Many towns also began a clean-up plan.
Chess competitions were held as part of An Tostal by the Irish Chess Union from 1954 to 1957. The 1956 Dublin international tournament was the strongest tournament to date to have been played in Ireland.
The tournament was won by Albrec O'Kelly (May 17, 1911 - October 3, 1980, 69 years old) of Belgium who at the time was an IM; he was awarded the GM title in 1956 shortly after this tournament.
As a youth, he took lessons from Akiba Rubinstein and won the Belgian championship thirteen times between 1937 and 1959. O'Kelly was also an International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster (1962) and the third ICCF World Correspondence Champion (1959–1962), chess writer and International Arbiter (1962).
His opponent, Wolfgamg Heidenfeld (May 29, 1911 - August 3, 1981, 70 years old), was born in Germany. He was Irish Champion in 1958, 1963, 1964, 1967, 1968 and 1972 and South African Champion in 1939, 1945-46 (jointly), 1947 (jointly), 1949, 1951, 1955, 1957 and 1959 (jointly).
Alberic O'Kelly–Wolfgang Heidenfeld1–0A52DublinDublin1956Stockfish 15
Budapest Gambit 1.d4 f6 2.c4 e5 The Budapest Gambit made its debut in
1896, but it received attention from leading players only after Vidmar used it
to defeat Rubinstein in 1918. After a brief rise in popularity in the early
1920s it faded from master practice. Back in my tournament playing days I used
it occasionally, but with little success. Even if black gets the P back he
does not have much to show for it. Recently I tried it a few times in online
blitz games and nothing has changed! 3.dxe5 g4 3...e4 This is the
seldom played Fajarowicz Variation in which black aims for rapid development.
This is the variation I usually play in blitz. Against the usual 3...Ng5
natural moves by white are pretty easy to find. Against the Fajarowicz this
does not seem to be the case. 4.a3 Not a bad idea...it prevents the
annoying ...Bb4+ b6 This was my idea, but it was no great improvement. 4...h4 Caveman chess threatening ...Qxf7 mate 5.g3 h5 6.g2 xe5 7.c2 f6 8.f3 h5 9.c3 While black has been moving his N and Q white has
establiched a huge lead in development. 5.f3 b7 6.bd2 e7 7.xe4 xe4 8.d4 After this black eqalizes. Annoying (and good for the advantage) were
either 8.Bf4 or 8.Bg5 xf3 9.gxf3 c6 10.d5 xe5 11.xe5+ xe5
Anonymous-Tartajubow Instant Chess 2014 4.f4 4.e4 d6 5.e2 xe5 6.f4 g4 7.f3 c6 8.0-0 d7 9.c3 e7 10.h3 f6 11.e5 dxe5 12.fxe5 g8 13.e3 f6 14.d3 fxe5 15.g5 f6 16.xf6 xf6 17.h5+ g6 18.xg6+ hxg6 19.xg6+ e7 20.c5# Samuel Reshevsky-Arnold Denker Syracuse, 1934 4...b4+ 4...g5 is more enterprising and actually gives black better results! 5.g3 g7 6.f3 c6 7.h4 gxe5 8.hxg5 xf3+ 9.gxf3 xb2 10.d2 xg5 11.xc7 d6 White is better, but black managed top draw in Shimanov,A (2633)-Durarbayli,V
(2608) Merida MEX 2016 5.c3 c6 Equally good was 5...Bxc3+ 6.f3 e7 7.d5 xc3+ 8.bxc3 a3 The Q ends up misplaced here and so he should have
tried the immediate 8...f6, but white remains with the better position. 9.c1 f6 10.exf6 xf6 11.d2 d6 12.d4 12.g3 0-0 13.g2 c5 14.d4 e5 15.0-0 xc4 16.d3 White is better. Turov,M (2587) -Kristensen, K (2134) Tromso 2013
12.c2 0-0 13.b1 a6 14.e3 c5 15.d3 e5 16.xe5 dxe5 17.g5 h6 18.e4 xe4 19.xe4 c6 20.h7+ White is slightly better. Savic,D (2082)
-Cetkovic,M (2195) Belgrade 2016 12...0-0 13.f3 This white's best move
here. 13.b5 a5 14.xc7 xc7 15.xd6 Black is slightly better after 15..
.Qf7. Kowalski,D (1600)-Jordake,M (1571) Erlensee 2007 13.e3 This was
played in the game that caused a surge in popularity for the Budapest. xd4 14.cxd4 e4 15.c2 a5+ 16.e2 xf4 17.exf4 f5 18.b2 e8 19.f3 d2+ 20.g3 e4+ 21.h4 e6 22.e2 h6+ 23.h5 xh5+ 24.xh5 g6+ 0-1
Rubinstein,A-Vidmar,M Berlin 1918 13...e5 14.e4 14.b5 is met by a5 15.e4 e6 16.d4 xc4 black is slightly better. 14...c5 15.b3 c6
White must now prevent ...Nxe4 16.xe5 16.a3 ...to
demonstrate the threat. xe4 17.fxe4 xe4+ 18.e3 g4 19.d5+ xd5 20.cxd5 xe3 16...dxe5 17.g5 e8 18.e2 h6 19.e3 b6 20.g4 Aggressive play by
O'Kelly, but also very dangerous. Fortunately for him Heidenfeld missed the
best reply. Either 20.O-O or 20.c5 would have been better and in that case
white would have stood a little better. e6 21.g5 Also worth a try was 21.
c5, but O'Kelly is going all out for a K-side attack. hxg5 This falls in
with his opponent's plans. He could have maintained a slight edge with 21...Nh5
21...h5 22.gxh6 f4 Threatening a nasty fork on g2 23.g1 g6 24.d4 c5 and black's position is preferrable. 22.xg5 h7 23.xe5 xc4 24.xc4+ xc4 25.d4 f7 Black must keep the Qs on. 25...xd4
This leads to a lost position. 26.cxd4 g5 27.e2 White has a
strategically won ending/ 26.0-0 ad8 27.e3 d6 28.cd1 g6+ After this logical looking check white gets the advantage. 28...xd1
keeps the chances equal. 29.xd1 f8 30.f2 e6 31.g1 h5 29.h1
Now black should have played 29...c5 to prevent the N from going to d4 and
then played ...Nf6 and he would still be in the game. g5 An ill fated idea! 30.g1 f8 31.d4 xf3 This is a losing blunder! 31...e6
was his best chance after which his position, while poor, was at least
defensible. 32.xg6 xg6 33.g1 f7 34.f5 White is better. 32.xg6
xd4 32...xg6 33.xf3 simply wins a piece. 33.xg7+
A nice coup de grace. xg7 34.g1+ h8 Black resigned without
waiting to get mated in 3 moves. 34...h8 35.h6+ h7 36.xf8+ g8 37.xg8# 1–0
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